Introduction

The Turkish Competition Authority’s most effective tool for obtaining evidence is dawn raids for hard and soft data. The Turkish Competition Board (“Board”) is therefore intolerant of obstructions to dawn raids, such as deletion of data by the investigated company, with its decisions not considering whether deleted data was recovered or even relevant to the raid’s purposes. This has been the case whether the company is an SME or a multinational.

In the recently published Koyuncu Elektronik decision,[1] a majority of the Board continued long-established practice – but with significant, and unusual, dissent.

Three Board members (one of whom is President) provided dissenting opinions, arguing there was no reason to impose a fine as the deleted data not related to the raid and, moreover, that it was recovered.

What Happened? 

According to the facts, both the company’s retail account director and head of channel sales deleted several e-mails (later recovered) after initiation of the raid.[2]

In its defence, the company stated that the deletion was a routine procedure and unrelated to the raid.[3] In response, the Board referenced its previous decisions which confirmed data cannot be deleted for any purpose after the initiation of the dawn raid[4], and further argued that the company was unable to provide any tangible proof that the deletion was part of a routine procedure.[5] A fine was therefore imposed.

Dissenting Opinion

Dissenting Board members first emphasized that the is case was not of cartel proportions and, in such cases, acts of data deletion can never be tolerated. They accepted that SMEs without a competition compliance programme may panic when faced with the magnitude of a dawn raid and that, in such cases, the Board should use its discretion while considering the following factors:

• The magnitude of the possible breach.
• Size and competition law capacity of the party.
• Social and cultural context.
• The sequence of events and the rationale for deletion.
• Whether the data can be recovered.
• Content of the data.

The dissenting opinion therefore based its decision that no penalty be imposed on the following points:

• The deletion did not occur as part of a cartel investigation but as part of an alleged vertical infringement.
• The deleted communications recovered and the correspondence therein did not provide evidence of an infringement.
• Only two out of seven employees devices investigated deleted data from their devices. Therefore, the risk of not being able to obtain evidence was low.
• Reactions to a dawn raid may be reasonable and penalties should not be imposed reflexively.
• Case handlers should emphasise that personal data is strictly protected more than they currently do so.

Conclusion

Despite the dissenting opinions, the majority Koyuncu Elektronik decision reinforces the Board’s current intolerance of data deletion during a dawn raid. As case law confirms, recovery of the deleted data or its irrelevance to the dawn raids will continue to be unsuccessful defences. However, it remains to be seen of the majority of the Board will develop a more relaxed approach in future. Overall though, the decision is consistent with the Board’s longstanding approach and nothing has changed for SMEs.

The decision is an important reminder that all companies, from SMEs to multinationals, should have a robust competition compliance programme in place.

[1] Koyuncu Electronic (21.09.2023, 23-45/839-295).

[2] Koyuncu Electronic (21.09.2023, 23-45/839-295), para 7.

[3] Koyuncu Electronic (21.09.2023, 23-45/839-295), para 24. It is understood that the deleted data include promotional e-mails, notifications sent by online retail sites, etc.

[4] See, for example, the Unmaş Decision (20.05.2021, 21-26/327- 152) where the fact that the deleted data can be accessed by forensic informatics devices will effect the assessment. Many decisions of the Board on this subject were cited in the decision.

[5] Koyuncu Electronic (21.09.2023, 23-45/839-295), para 25.